Internal, External and Situational Influences on Consumer Behaviour

The products that will be focused on this assessment will be meat products including poultry, new and/or used passenger cars, property (housing units) and dairy products.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Internal, External and Situational Influences on Consumer Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These four product purchases will be assessed for internal, external and situational influences to determine the type of consumer behaviour that accompanies the consumer’s decision process when purchasing any of these products. Purchase one Purchase one is meat and poultry products which are one of the most commonly bought products in the Australia. Based on 2006 statistics, meat and poultry products were the most commonly purchased products for many Australian consumers and the country was also able to export meat and poultry products to countries such as Europe and the United States for a total of $1. 3 billion in exports (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 2007). The most commonly purchased meat products include beef, red meat, veal, liver and kidney meat and sheep offal. The poultry products that are commonly sold to Australian consumers include chicken breasts, eggs, chicken wings which are available in many of the fast-food restaurants in Australia and boneless chicken products. The average consumption of meat products in Australia averages more than 224 grams a day for each individual consumer while that of poultry products amounts to 200 grams per day (Minchin 2007).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The internal, external and situational factors are those characteristics that influence or impact the purchasing behaviour of a consumer. The internal factors that affect a consumer’s purchasing behaviour include their personality traits, the ps ychological makeup of the consumer (what they think and feel when selecting products), the type of behaviour they demonstrate when buying products and how consumer motivation affects their decision strategies (East et al. 2008). The external factors that affect the purchasing decision of a consumer include influence from reference groups such as family members, friends, acquaintances and work colleagues, the quality and quantity of the product that is being purchased and the needs assessment of the product where the consumer is motivated to make a purchase decision for a product that will meet their needs (Tanner and Raymond 2010). The internal factors that affect the purchasing behaviour of meat and poultry product consumers include internal stimuli on the part of the consumer where they are compelled to buy meat because of a desire to eat meat products. The main motivation for Australian consumers to purchase meat and poultry products comes out of a desire to satisfy their hunger. Poultry products such as those sold in fast-food restaurants like MacDonald’s and KFC are mostly bought with the main purpose of meeting the immediate hunger needs of consumers. The external stimulus that affects the purchase of meat and poultry products amongst Australian consumers include recommendations from reference groups who have purchased their meat products from certain supermarkets, meat delis, meat markets or other suppliers of meat products in the country (Lamb et al. 2009). These recommendations help the buyer of the product to determine whether the type of meat products sold in the recommended place will meet their dietary needs and also whether the meat or poultry is sold in a clean and refrigerated environment.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Internal, External and Situational Influences on Consumer Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommendations also allow the consumer to ascertain whether there are any alternatives to meat or poultry products such as red meat or veal available in the local market. Situational factors are the temporary conditions that affect how buyers behave during the purchase decision-making exercise (O’Dougherty 2007). Situational factors influence whether the consumer will actually buy a product or not from a retailer and what factors will affect their purchasing decision. The most common situational factors that affect the buying decisions of a consumer include physical factors such as the location of a store, general ambience and environment, social factors such as whether the product is good for the society and time factors such as how long it takes to purchase the product when the product is being purchased by the consumer (Tanner and Raymond 2010). The situational influences that affect the purchasing process of meat and poultry consumers include the physical location of the meat delis or stores as well as the gener al ambience of the store. Stores that are convenient to the buyer with regards to accessibility and are generally clean are likely to influence their purchasing decision when compared to meat delis that are difficult to locate and access and also have dirty refrigerators and unclean floors (Tanner and Raymond 2010). Purchase Two The second purchase that will be assessed to determine the type of consumer behaviour employed by buyers when making their purchases is property or housing units which is a high involvement purchase for most consumers who decide to buy a house. Australia is among top countries in the world that are experiencing a thriving real estate market as many citizens and residents desire to become homeowners. Many Australian cities like Perth, Sydney and Melbourne are experiencing a boom in real estate as well as towns in the rural parts of the country.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An increasing number of people, both Australian citizens and people living abroad have become increasingly involved in owning their property because homeownership in Australia is a goal for most of these people. Currently, over 70 percent of the population in Australia owns residential property while the rest are tenants pointing to the fact that real estate ownership is an important objective for most Australian citizens and residents. According to the Real Estate Perth Guide (2011), the increase in property acquisition and real estate investment in Australia has been attributed to two factors the first one of which is the growing Australian population seeking to purchase real estate property in many of the urban cities in Australia. These property buyers have begun to realise the importance of investing in the housing market as it is seen as a long term investment. The second factor that has led to an increase in property acquisition in the country is that a notable number of peop le have begun putting their money into real estate property that is related to tourism. Tourism is one of the major economic drivers in Australia and such investments are deemed to yield considerable returns to people who decide to invest in the sector (Real Estate Perth Guide 2011). The internal factors that influence the purchase decision of property buyers include consumer motivation to purchase housing units. As mentioned earlier on in the discussion homeownership is an important goal for most Australian citizens where individuals are motivated to buy their own homes. There is therefore increased consumer motivation to acquire housing units with the single-family residences being the most commonly sought after housing units in the country. Australian residents and citizens are also motivated to purchase their own housing units because of the investment opportunity these purchases present to them. Investing in the housing sector that is involved in tourism guarantees some signifi cant returns to these individuals (Real Estate Perth Guide 2011). The external factors that influence the purchasing decision of real estate property buyers in Australia include family and cultural influences where individuals who have families are influenced to purchase single-family residences so that they can be able to meet the housing needs of their families. The demand for such housing units has continued to increase as more Australians with families seeking to own their own residential houses. Family and cultural backgrounds have, therefore played a major role in home acquisition in the country. Another external factor that affects the consumer’s behaviour when buying property includes the quality of the product that is being purchased. Housing units are of a high quality and they present a significant return on investment to consumers, especially those who have decided to invest in the real estate sector related to tourism. The quality of the product, therefore, plays an important role in influencing the purchase behaviour of the consumer (Lantos 2011). The situational factors that will affect the purchasing decision of housing consumers is the physical factors which according to Tanner and Raymond (2010) affect what type of product the consumer will buy, when they will buy it and how much of it they will buy. Physical factors include the location of the property, the price or cost of purchasing the property and the type of housing that is on sale. Such physical factors will influence the purchasing behaviour of consumers who might, for example, want to buy housing units in the rural or urban areas of Australia or might want to buy apartments instead of single housing units (Hoyer and Macinnis 2010). Purchase Three The third purchase that will be assessed will be new and used cars which are high involvement purchases bought by consumers and buyers. Just like any other country in the world, Australia has a high car purchase rate that has seen man y buyers as young as sixteen years old owning their own cars. The last statistics to be conducted in 1995 on the number of people who owned cars in Australia were able to reveal the number of passenger vehicles registered per 1,000 people which had increased from 250 from the previous year to 465. This increase was mostly attributed to the convenience and flexibility personally owned cars provided to their owners which made buying a car much easier. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the increase in passenger vehicle buyers was also attributed to the ease of accessing employment, education and health services where people who had their own cars were able to engage in these and other activities (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006). Owning a car in Australia is seen to be a necessity rather than a luxury based on the increasing number of people in the country who own cars. People who have their own modes of transportation find it relatively easier to conduct their var ious business and/or personal functions without any form of hassles. This increasing need to have their own personal modes of transportation has contributed greatly to the purchase decision that car buyers go through when deciding to buy a car. Because cars are high involvement purchases, consumers have to evaluate the internal, external and situational factors that will come in to play when deciding to go through with their purchases (Tanner and Raymond 2010). The internal factors that will influence the purchase of either new or used cars will be the type of motivation that a consumer has to buy a new or used car. As highlighted in the previous paragraph car buyers in Australia buy cars for purposes of convenience and flexibility, meaning that the car offers them with an opportunity to accomplish various activities. The motivation of the car buyer to purchase a car will, therefore, depend on either of these factors. Another internal factor will relate to the individual tastes of t he consumer where the consumer will consider which car model and make suits their own personal tastes. The external factors that will affect the consumer decision to buy a car will be the type of lifestyle that exists in Australia which allows for every individual of the family to own a car as long as they are 18 years and over. Holden, which is the main car manufacturer in Australia, has been able to develop various car brands that are meant to suit the various lifestyles and culture of the Australians. Some of the cars produced by Holden Australia include Commodore, Camden, Astra, Holden Monaro Coupe and Chevrolet. The situational factor that will affect the buyer decision to purchase a car will be physical factors where the location of car auto-marts will influence whether a consumer wants to buy a car. The ease with which a potential car buyer locates a Holden store in their vicinity will play a major role in influencing their purchase decisions (Tanner and Raymond 2010). Purcha se Four The fourth purchase to be assessed in the study will be dairy products which, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004) is the most intensive sector in the country. According to 2001 and 2002 statistics, consumers in the country drank approximately 18 percent of whole milk which was mostly produced in the state of Victoria. 50 percent of the country’s annual milk production was exported to other foreign countries such as the United States, Asia and Europe while the remaining percentage was sold to manufacturers of butter, cheese, cheddar and other dairy products. 2005-2006 statistics showed that the production of whole milk amounted to 10,092 millimetres while the consumption of whole milk and other dairy products such as cheese, skim milk powder, butter and casein amounted to 527 kt (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 2007). Victoria is the dominant producer and supplier of milk as it accounts for 61 percent of milk production in the coun try. The states of New South Wales and Queensland both account for 22 percent of the milk supply in the country while Tasmania accounts for 7 percent of milk production and dairy products. The high production of milk and milk products in the country has made dairy products to be easily available to many Australian consumers in the local market regardless of their income levels within the country. Milk and dairy products are, therefore, common purchases for many average consumers in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004). The internal factors that will affect the consumer buying decision will be the motives of the individual dairy consumer that will be borne out of the desire to purchase dairy products which have been identified as a staple food source in the Western diet. Milk and other dairy products provide consumers with Calcium and other vital nutrients that support bone formation. Consumers might decide to buy dairy products because of this reason as well as the stapl e source of food that these products provide to consumers. The personal tastes of the individual might also determine dairy product purchases where consumers who want to buy high-quality cheese and cheddar are influenced because of their desire for quality products. Consumers who do not have high-quality preferences might decide to purchase the lower value dairy products because they do not attach a particular preference to their purchases (Tanner and Raymond 2010). The external factors that will influence the buyer’s decision to buy milk will be socio-cultural factors whereas mentioned earlier on dairy products are the staple source of food for many westernised countries. The household budget will also affect the consumer’s decision to buy dairy products such as cheese and butter as some brands of these products are manufactured for high-end buyers. The situational factors that will influence the purchase of milk and dairy products will be time factors where the time of day will determine whether a consumer will buy milk. Most dairy products are usually consumed in the morning for breakfast which means that the buyer’s decision to buy milk will be high if they make their purchase decision in the morning. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004).  The Australian dairy industry. Web. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006).  Australian social trends. Web. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2007). Australian food statistics  2006. Canberra, Sydney: Food and Agriculture Division. East, R., Wright, M., and Vanhuele, M., (2008).  Consumer behaviour: applications in  marketing. London: Sage Publications. Hoyer, W. D., and Macinnis, D.J., (2010).  Consumer behaviour. Mason, Ohio: South Western Cengage Learning. Lamb, C. W., Hair, J.F., and McDaniel, C., (2009).  Essentials of marketing. Mason, Ohio: South Western Cengage. Lantos, G. P., (2011).  Consumer behaviour in action: real-life applications for marke ting  managers. New York: M.E. Sharpe Incorporated. Minchin, L., (2007).  Limit meat eating to tackle climate change: study. Web. O’Dougherty, D., (2007).  Consumer behaviour. Cape Town, South Africa: Pearson Education South Africa. Real Estate Perth Guide (2011).  Australian property: guide to buying property in  Australia. Web. Tanner, J., and Raymond, M. A., (2010).  Principles of marketing. New York: Flat World Knowledge. This assessment on Internal, External and Situational Influences on Consumer Behaviour was written and submitted by user Hadley Hendricks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

elite african americans essays

elite african americans essays During the Reconstruction period, congress sent to the states three important new amendments the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, while the Fourteenth Amendment made black citizens, equal to their white counterparts. The fifteenth Amendment states that no citizens could be stopped from voting because of their race or color. There were high spirits and vision of progress among blacks in America. These feelings of joy and happiness lasted shortly when laws were passed that provided for the segregation of southern society into two parts. One for the whites and the other for the blacks. Among the chaos and confusion arisen two black elites in Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Although both approached the way to deal with oppression and assimilation differently, both enjoyed success in being respected and admired leaders who brought their people one step closer to really becoming free. With the support of Northern missionary societies and a few Southern state governments, they expanded the network of black colleges and institutions into an important educational system Booker T. Washington, born into slavery had worked his own way out of poverty by acquiring an education. He as the founder and president of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Once established, he urged other blacks to follow the same road to self-improvement. Washington urged blacks to attend school, learn skills, and establish a strong footing in agriculture and trade. Blacks should refine their speech, improve their dress, and adopt habits of personal hygiene and cleanliness. Only when blacks do all these things will they win the respect of the white citizens. In a famous speech in Georgia in 1895, Washington outlined a philosophy of race relations that became known as the Atlanta Compromise. Washington stated the agitation of questions of racial equality is the extreme folly (Norton 614). He envisioned a society...

Birth Of A Nation 2 Essay Research

Birth Of A Nation 2 Essay, Research Paper D. W. Griffith s heroic poem narrative told in Birth of a Nation was a flooring one. The film set box office records, taking in over 18 million dollars. When it was released, it was one of the longest movies of all time made, over three hours in length. Some movie bookmans say that it is the most of import movie of all time released. But despite all of these records and accomplishments, the narrative and the manner that inkinesss of the South were depicted obsessed inkinesss for decennaries to come. Showing the black adult male as a sexual marauder to white females was ask foring the South commence with wide-scale lynchings of guiltless black work forces. If a black adult male looked the incorrect manner at a white adult female, so he could be lynched without a idea of justness. This movie advanced the intuition and contributed to the pattern of Jim Crow in the South. Most shockingly, I discovered that the movie is still used by the Ku Klux Klan today for enlisting intents. The portraiture of the KKK in Birth of a State was one of heroes, alternatively of marauding racialists. This appealed to white Americans positions of the mythic South, and helped to hike rank in the KKK. Griffith subsequently released a version of the film without the KKK, but the harm had already been done. Of class, the NAACP attacked the movie, and it was met with picketing upon its release. The elevation of the KKK as heroes while portraying black work forces as sexual marauders was disgusting, and it is astonishing to me that the film is praised as it is. Though the portraiture of both inkinesss and the KKK were highly off path, the film itself was an astonishing work of film for its clip. This was likely the first film to utilize 100s of excess in a conflict scene. These scenes were good crafted by the film maker, and while non to the flawlessness of more modern movies such as Braveheart, the engineering and mastermind that the film maker used rival such movies. To th ink that the film was released merely 50 old ages after the terminal of the Civil War makes the effort seem even more unbelievable. In seeing the immense conflicts, I did non necessitate sound to hear the sounds of conflict in my imaginativeness. It would hold been unbelievable if the film had been made in the epoch where sound came into films. The rubric of the movie is an interesting 1. It is unknown whether the rubric refers to the birth of the reunited provinces, or the birth of the Ku Klux Klan. I tend to believe that the movie has a dual significance. In demoing the KKK as good cats, it is obvious that Griffith was seeking to demo their birth as a positive event for the United States. Besides, he was demoing that the U.S. was one time once more reunited after the war, taking to the strengthening of the state. It forebodes the hereafter, when the South and the inkinesss populating there are kept in cheque by the KKK, doing the U.S. that much greater. Though it would be better to disregard this impression of the birth of the KKK, it can non be due to the movie s content, although the movie does demo a genuinely united provinces. The movie is an unbelievable piece of propaganda for both the KKK and the Jim Crow system. Peoples who knew nil about the KKK or thought of them as white scoundrels before Birth of a State likely changed their heads and donned goons of their ain upon seeing the movie. The mainstream image was likely the best advertizement that the KKK could hold had. The vilifying of inkinesss besides led to the Jim Crow system. When it was portrayed in this film as acceptable, people in the South felt much better about making atrocious workss to black citizens, denying inkinesss their civil rights. Birth of a Nation was a powerful movie that was a technological promotion, but it lacked the right historical prospective. Anyone who made such a film now would be branded a racialist and likely would be hung in image in many black communities.

Equal pay and work rights Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equal pay and work rights - Research Proposal Example The questionnaire will also ask employees if they feel they are underpaid, overpaid or well paid. It will also ask employees how they feel about the different salaries different employees are paid within the different pay grades. These questions are important because the company will be able to make changes that will ensure that employees work with devotion. The research will also shield the company from legal suits. These are suits that may arise from employees or workers unions as a result of working conditions like sexual abuse. The research will use descriptive research design. This is because questions to be used will be in a yes or no basis (Salkind 189). Only few questions will need a short explanation. The research will use questionnaires to sample data (Cochran 26). The research is expected to determine if the rights of the employees of Green Technologies are upheld and respected. It will also help determine if the pay rates in the company are acceptable. Depending on the findings it will give recommendations to the human resource manager of Green

System Analysis and design (case study) Case Study

System Analysis and design ( ) - Case Study Example However, in the recent years, a significant development was observed in the digital world with the introduction of new technologies, tools and approaches implemented by various business enterprises and organizations in order to make the work more effective. Conversely, technological implementations in the business enterprises have created various complex challenges in addition to the remarkable opportunities1. Besides assessing the past advancements in technology, the article also delivered certain forecasted information based on qualitative terms. For instance, the article argues that in the recent year, business enterprises will be able to implement technologies more effectively in their business activities, which will ultimately benefit the businesses as well as the consumers. It is also assumed in the article that the enterprises will be able to make efficient utilization of cloud computing system, software algorithms and robust API’s. Moreover, the article also demonstrates that Information Technology will be more effectively integrated into the enterprise that will help in establishing better coordination and integration throughout its operational network. However, the business enterprises of present generation are completely based on applications in order to perform various critical business processes. An application delivery chain is therefore used, which is a combination o f both hardware and software, in order to deliver these applications2. Furthermore, with an argumentative narration, the author has also stated the IT projects that used to take several months or years for completion now-a-days take only a few days or weeks to complete, which has been highly beneficial in reducing the wastage of time and resources. Moreover, the authors criticize that even though the integration of mobile applications in the business enterprises is becoming popular, they are not being

Female Genital Mutilation Essay Example for Free

Female Genital Mutilation Essay `Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill all reject ethical relativism, i. e. , the idea that a practice or action is morally right simply because ones society or culture says that it is morally right. Explain how Aristotle, Kant, and Mill would apply their ideas to an ethical criticism of female genital mutilation. Female Genital Mutilation also known as female circumcision is a procedure which is performed on girls before puberty. In this procedure part of or the entire clitoris is removed in order to insure that the female has reduced or no sexual feelings. It is still practiced around the world mostly as a cultural custom rather than a religious one. The reasoning behind this action is that it is done in an effort to make girls into women, that it is the duty of the parents to insure they are circumcised and to ensure that they are eligible for marriage (Religioustolerance. org). In order to consider how Kant, Mills and Aristotle would perceive this procedure we must consider the different social aspects attribute to the writings of each philosopher. According to Kant every single individual possesses the ability to discern right from wrong and that moral of the action should be decided from the intentions of the individual instead of the consequences. Kant also saw the moralistic centre of an action came from duty and not self interest. He also believed that a Maxim becomes universal law only when it is accepted by all men independent of any outside influences or circumstances. He also said that the respect of individuals came from seeing them as an end to themselves which means that infringement on their freedoms is a violation of their rights as individuals. When we apply these considerations to the topic of female genital mutilation we see that this procedure cannot be considered universal law since it is not seen as a rational action in all societies. Additionally it cannot be considered universal law in terms of nature since this procedure interferes with the natural state of the woman’s body. Secondly, though the action may be considered the duty of the parents of the girls whose genitals are mutilated it does not make it morally justifiable since it infringes on the humanitarian rights of the girl. Additionally, the fact that these girls are often circumcised against their will must also be taken into account. It can also be considered that though the girls are circumcised out of duty, the action itself is not unconditional on the part of the parents who see their own self interests in seeing the girl married or being accepted by society instead of what the girl herself wishes. In the case of John Stuart Mills it is apt to apply his principle of Utilitarism in this case. The objective of this principle is that the only consequence that should decide the action to be taken is if it brings the individual the greatest happiness. In the case of female genital mutilation if we consider who the action actually affects we find that three parties are directly involved, the parents of the girl, society and the girl herself. Thus, if we apply Mills theory to this situation then it follows that the genital mutilation of this girl though may bring unhappiness to the girl she will be a source of happiness for society and her parents. In effect it would bring society joy since it has one more woman who is considered eligible for marriage and the parents would be happy since their daughter is considered a part of society. In effect the unhappiness of the girl and the pain associated with this procedure is not taken into account since the decision on a broader level brings the most happiness to the most individuals if the procedure is carried out. On an individual level however John Mills’s teachings work against it. If we consider Aristotle, it is prudent to recall one his greatest teachings, that every part of the body be it the foot or the head or even the vagina serves a particular function in the body and that the goodness of that function lays within it. In effect if we consider the fact that female genital mutilation can impair not only the sexual pleasure of women, giving those problems in excretion and also childbirth. Then it stands to reason that Aristotle sees the goodness within that organ to be lost to the body if this procedure is carried out. Aristotle also saw that the separate functions of the body like those of society served to make an individual whole, if any of those functions are disrupted then the whole individual is disrupted as well. Though indirect it can be seen that all three philosophers were against the concept of Female Genital Mutilation. In their teachings we can find the moral and logical center required to finally leave behind this ancient and unnecessary tradition. Works Cited Religioustolerance. org. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa, the Middle East Far East. 2008. 1 June 2009 http://www. religioustolerance. org/fem_cirm1. htm.

Social Workers in Mental Health Facilities and Outpatient Clinics Essa

When thinking about social work, there are different avenues that a worker can explore in this vast field. Because a social workers job is multifaceted, workers can not only integrate themselves in an already created avenue, but can also tailor a field, specifically for a need in the community. Looking at the many different fields in the area of social work, the area of Social Workers in Mental Health facilities and outpatient clinics stands out as an area of depth and interest. This field is important because it allows social workers to play an integral part in assisting patients, some of who have been kept in large inpatient facilities for vast periods of time, to become functioning and active members of society, as they deal with the task of managing their particular mental illness. It is stated on the NASW occupation profile that "Social workers employed with mental health clinics can have a range of job functions depending on their specific roles. Possible job titles include, but are not limited to, clinical social worker, licensed clinical social worker, mental health specialist, clinician, therapist, counselor, director or case manager (NASW p.2)." In 1963, The Community Mental Health Act came into existence. This act was created to provide federal funding for community mental health centers in the United States. The CMHA gave money to states, in order for them to create local mental health centers. These health centers would be spearheaded by the National Institute of Mental Health. The purpose of the CMHA was to provide community-based care, as an alternative to institutionalization, which previously was the most popular and expensive answer to assisting those with mental illness. These different clinics and faci... ...se, and to learn how to utilize non traditional methods to achieve a therapeutic accomplishment with patients. The educational requirements to work in this particular field are geared to not only be a help to patients struggling with adjusting, but a therapeutic help as well. Social workers of course have to obtain a bachelor's degree, as well as meet any state certifications necessary. Many social workers also obtain a master's degree, in order to become licensed counselors, which can be essential when dealing in this field. Works Cited Kim, H., Ji, J., & Kao, D. (2011). Burnout and Physical Health among Social Workers: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study. Social Work, 56(3), 258-268. Gibelman, M. (2005). What social workers do. (2ndEdition). Washington, DC: NASW Press. http://workforce.socialworkers.org/studies/profiles/Mental%20Health%20Clinics.pdf